Level : L1
Module : Grammar
Sequence : Parts of Speech
Lesson 6: Conjunctions
e.g.
1. He is poor but happy.
2. We were sorry when we left early.
3. The dog often barks either at a cat or at a mouse.
4. We were late; therefore, we took a taxi.
Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, and clauses. They are of two kinds:
Coordinating conjunctions: these join words, phrases and independent clauses. These fall under three groups:
and addition
but / yet contrast
for reason
or / nor alternation
so result
Conjunctive adverbs (connectors): However, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, hence, indeed, otherwise, etc.
Correlative conjunction: Both/and, neither/nor, either…or, whether…or, not only…but also, rather…than, what with…and, scarcely…when, if…than, no sooner …than etc.
e.g. I both admire his courage and respect his honesty.
You can either stop talking or you can leave the room.
Whether we lose or win, we will participate in the competition.
Drugs are very harmful, yet many young people take them.
I do not write Arabic, nor do I speak it very well.
I can neither write elegantly, nor can I write legibly.
Neither is he a good student, nor does he try to be.
She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
Not only does he do two jobs, but he also grows a lot of vegetables in his garden.
Subordinating conjunctions: these introduce dependent (subordinate) adverb or adjective (noun) clauses. (After, because, so that, while, although, as, since, when, where, as far as, why, if, till, who, whom , which, even if, whether, unless, etc. )
e.g. If you work hard, you will succeed. (Adverb clause)
e.g. The man who sold you the car is my father . (Adjective clause)
Meanings Conjunctions
Concession though, although, even though, while….
Condition
if , only if , unless , until , provided that , assuming that , even if, in case (that), lest, whatever, whenever….
Time after , as long as , as soon as , before , by the time , now that , once , since , till , until , when , while…
Reason because, since , so that , in order (that) , why……
Relative Adjective that , what , , which , whichever, who, whom, whose, whoever….
Manner how , as though , as if….
Place where , wherever..
Comparison than , rather than , whether , as much as , whereas…
Exercise 1 : List and identify the conjunctions in the following sentences, writing “C. Conj.” to identify the coordinating conjunctions, and “S. Conj.” to identify the subordinating conjunctions.
He refuses to give up smoking because he is addicted to it.
The trainer led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of his enthusiasm.
“Whether you win this match or lose it does not matter as long as you do your best,” said the trainer.
Johnny was not willing to cheat on the test, nor would he help his friend to cheat.
If you decided to go to the disco, remember to be home before dark.
I liked the way she was dressed, but I especially admired her personality.
Harry usually whistles or sings when he takes a bath.
The children always complain loudly about the heat, yet they continue to play football every day.
Although Peter had all the necessary qualifications, he could not have the job simply because he belonged to a political party.
James likes playing tennis and reading novels.
Exercise 2: Choose the suitable conjunction to complete each of the following sentences.
Please write (and/nor/or) call me as soon as possible.
The shop owners voted for the road-repair bill (so/but/yet) against the tax increase.
(Both/ Either/ Neither) Jane (and/or/nor) Jillian are in the school soccer team.
(Unless/ If/Though) we get there early, we will visit all the shops.
There was a detour sign on the road ahead, (but/for/so) Johanna pulled over to check her map.
(Since/Because/Although) it was raining heavily, Jane got out shopping.
I was writing the report (if/ so that/ when) the light went off.
I will not help you (unless/if/ as soon as) you cease hurting yourself.
They travelled to London (so/before/ so that) they would see the queen.
We will not start the ceremony (until/when/if) the president comes.
……………. do we enjoy summer vacation, ……….. we ………….enjoy winter break. (whether / or, not only / but also, either / or)
You have to be on time; ……………………….., you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however, otherwise)
Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences using the suitable conjunction.
My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy…………. a kitten home with him.
I want to go for a hike ……….. I have to go to work today.
They do not smoke, ………….. do they play cards.
I’m getting good grades……………. I study every day.
He was late for school,…………. he took a shortcut.
She doesn't like coffee,…………….. does she like tea
The house was a mess ……………….. the crazy party we had last night
He ………….. plays the guitar …………… the drums.
……………..they opened a new factory, they could not produce enough.
The book …………… I was reading was very interesting.
The day was cold ……… windy.
I like ……… grapefruit ……..oranges, ……….. not lemons.
He wanted to go skiing …………… he hurt his leg.
They moved south …………….. the weather.
You won’t pass the test……………. you study.
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